SOCIAL SCIENCE (MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES)

 Manufacturing: Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. Manufacturing belongs to secondary sector in which the primary materials are processed and converted into finished goods.

Importance of manufacturing industries for India:

• It helps in modernizing agriculture, reduces heavy dependence on agricultural income by providing jobs in non-agricultural sectors 
• Export of manufactured goods expands trade and brings in foreign exchange.
• Industrial development brings prosperity to the country
• Industries help in creating jobs and generating more income.

Factors which affect the location of an industry

• Raw material: Cheap and abundant availability of raw material.
• Labour: Availability of cheap labor is necessary for low cost of production low.
• Power:  Cheap and continuous supply of power is extremely necessary.
• Capital: It is necessary for developing infrastructure, for the entire manufacturing process and for meeting manufacturing expenditure.
  
  
  

Five basis on which industries are classified.

• On the basis of source of raw materials used — Agro-based and mineral-based.
• According to their main role — Basic and Consumer industries.
• On the basis of capital investment — Small-scale and large-scale industries.
• On the basis of ownership — Public Sector, Private Sector, Cooperative Sector, Joint Sector.
• Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods — Heavy industries, Light

If the investment is more than one crore rupees in any industry, it is considered as a large scale industry. For example, Iron and Steel industry, Cement industry.

If the investment is less than one crore rupees, it is considered as a small scale industry.

Four types of industries based on ownership are:

1. Public Sector industries: Owned and operated by government agencies, e.g., BHEL, SAIL, etc.
2. Private Sector industries are owned and operated by an individual or a group of individuals, e.g., TTSCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
3. Joint Sector industries are jointly run by the Public (government) and Private Sector (individuals), e.g., Oil India Ltd.
4. Cooperative Sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately, e.g., sugar industry in Maharashtra and coir industry in Kerala.

Industrial pollution and its types:

• Air pollution. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in factories that ignore pollution norms. Air-borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays, mist and smoke.
• Water pollution. Major water pollutants are dyes, detergents, acids and salts. Heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides and fertilizers and synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. discharged in the water bodies without treatment pollute these water bodies.
• Noise pollution. The generators, compressors, machines, furnaces, looms, exhaust fans, etc. used by industries create a lot of noise. Noise can raise blood pressure and can have physiological effects as well.
• Land pollution. Land and water pollution are closely related. Dumping of industrial wastes especially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packing, salts and garbage into the soil.
• Thermal pollution. Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancer and birth defects.

  

  
  

  
  

Steps to minimize the environmental degradation caused by industrial development:

1. Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling in two or more successive stages. Harvesting of rain water to meet domestic and industrial water requirements.
2. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
3. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
4. Machinery and equipment can be fitted with silencers to prevent noise pollution.